English · Drill 82

English practice 82

135 questions ~9 min recommended

⏱ 00:00

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1. The writer wants to insert a sentence attributing the discovery of the "glymphatic system" to a specific researcher, Dr. Maiken Nedergaard. The most logical paragraph to add this detail would be:

A. Paragraph 4

B. Paragraph 3

C. Paragraph 1

D. Paragraph 2

2. Which choice best maintains the logical flow of the paragraph?

A. For example,

B. NO CHANGE — Furthermore,

C. However,

D. Alternatively,

3. Which of the following alternatives to the underlined portion would be LEAST acceptable?

A. Consequently, ecologists are urging forestry departments

B. For this reason, ecologists are urging forestry departments

C. On the other hand, ecologists are urging forestry departments

D. As a result, ecologists are urging forestry departments

4. Which choice provides the most logical transition at this point in the passage?

A. Similarly,

B. NO CHANGE

C. As a result,

D. However,

5. The writer is considering adding a sentence to the paragraph below. 1 A good interview question invites a story rather than a yes-or-no answer. 2 That’s why career counselors often suggest starting with “Tell me about a time when…”. 3 The prompt encourages applicants to describe actions they took and what they learned. 4 It also gives interviewers a way to compare candidates using similar types of responses. The writer is considering adding the following sentence after Sentence 1: “Some interviewers prefer to begin with small talk about the weather.” Should the writer make this addition?

A. No, because it contradicts the claim that interviewers want to compare candidates’ responses.

B. No, because it shifts the paragraph away from effective interview questions and toward unrelated conversation topics.

C. Yes, because it provides an example of an open-ended question that invites a story from the applicant.

D. Yes, because it introduces a contrasting approach that the paragraph can then explain is less useful.

6. The following passage is from a student’s blog post about learning to repair bicycles. 1 When my neighbor offered me a rusty road bike for free, I said yes before I thought about what “repair” would involve. 2 I watched a few tutorials and laid my tools on the porch: wrenches, rags, and a small jar of grease. 3 The first task was removing the rear wheel, which sounded simple until the chain refused to budge. 4 After twenty minutes of tugging, I realized I needed to shift into the smallest gear to release tension. 5 Once I did, the wheel slid out, and I finally felt like I was cooperating with the machine. The writer is considering adding the following sentence after Sentence 2: “My porch faces west, so by late afternoon the sunlight made it hard to see the chain.” Should the writer make this addition?

A. Yes, because it introduces a new setting that helps the reader understand where the bike came from and why it was rusty.

B. No, because it shifts focus to lighting conditions that are not important to the main sequence of repairing the bike.

C. No, because it repeats information already stated about the porch and tools without adding any new context.

D. Yes, because it provides a vivid detail that directly explains why the writer struggled with the chain in the next sentences.

7. Which choice provides the most logical transition?

A. For example,

B. Finally,

C. Therefore,

D. NO CHANGE

8. The writer wants to add the following sentence to Paragraph 3: "Without this nightly wash cycle, these toxins accumulate like trash piling up in a hallway." The best placement for this sentence would be:

A. Before Sentence 1.

B. After Sentence 3.

C. After Sentence 4.

D. After Sentence 2.

9. The sentence 'The storm caused significant damage in the coastal areas, leading to power outages and flooding.' should be placed: 1 The weather report had predicted severe conditions. 2 Many residents had been advised to evacuate their homes. 3 Emergency services were on high alert and ready to respond. Where should the sentence be placed?

A. After Sentence [1]

B. After Sentence [2]

C. After Sentence [3]

D. Before Sentence [1]

10. Where should the following sentence be placed? 'The new research center focuses on renewable energy technologies.' 1 The facility is equipped with state-of-the-art laboratories. 2 Scientists from around the world collaborate here. 3 The center aims to develop sustainable solutions for the future. 4 It has received substantial funding from the government.

A. After Sentence [4]

B. After Sentence [3]

C. After Sentence [1]

D. After Sentence [2]

11. The following passage is from a report about a school’s cafeteria composting program. 1 Students scrape leftover fruit peels and sandwich crusts into green bins labeled “Compost Only.” 2 Custodians roll the bins to a fenced area behind the gym, where the contents are mixed with dry leaves collected each fall. 3 The mixture heats up as microbes break down the waste, and after several months it becomes dark, crumbly compost. 4 The finished compost is used in the school’s garden beds to enrich the soil for vegetables. The writer is considering deleting Sentence 2. Should the writer keep or delete this sentence?

A. Keep it, because it introduces a new argument about recycling plastics that strengthens the report’s main claim.

B. Delete it, because it is too specific about locations and distracts from the timeline of how compost forms.

C. Keep it, because it explains what happens to the bins after students fill them and connects the cafeteria step to the composting process.

D. Delete it, because it repeats the information in Sentence 1 about where students place their food scraps.

12. The writer is considering adding a sentence to the draft below. 1 During wildfire season, my town posts daily air-quality updates online. 2 The numbers can feel abstract, so a local nurse taught residents how to interpret them. 3 She explained that an index above 150 can irritate lungs, especially for children and older adults. 4 She also recommended simple steps, like running a fan with a filter and keeping windows closed. The writer is considering adding the following sentence after Sentence 2: “Air-quality indexes are calculated using measurements of pollutants such as fine particulate matter.” Should the writer make this addition?

A. Yes, because it shifts the focus from health advice to the nurse’s professional background.

B. No, because it repeats information already stated about which groups are most affected by poor air quality.

C. No, because it introduces technical detail that distracts from interpreting the index and taking practical steps.

D. Yes, because it defines what the index measures and helps readers understand what the numbers represent.

13. Should the sentence 'Overall, the conference was a great success, with many attendees expressing positive feedback.' be kept or deleted? Paragraph: The annual tech conference featured keynote speakers from leading technology companies. Various workshops and panels provided valuable insights into the latest industry trends.

A. Kept, because it emphasizes the success of the event.

B. Kept, because it summarizes the outcome of the conference.

C. Deleted, because it does not add new information.

D. Deleted, because it shifts focus from the workshops and panels.

14. Which choice best maintains the focus of the paragraph? 1 The city is known for its vibrant arts scene. 2 Galleries and theaters attract visitors year-round. 3 <ins>There are many parks and recreational areas</ins>. 4 Festivals and performances are frequent.

A. The city has a rich history.

B. The arts are supported by local government.

C. The city also hosts international artists.

D. NO CHANGE

15. The following paragraph is from a student’s essay about repairing a bicycle. 1 I decided to fix my bike’s slipping chain instead of taking it to a shop. 2 First, I flipped the bike upside down and spun the pedals to see where the chain jumped. 3 The derailleur was slightly bent inward, pushing the chain toward the spokes. 4 I used a small wrench to loosen the mounting bolt and nudged the derailleur outward. 5 After tightening the bolt, I tested the gears again until the chain ran smoothly. 6 The best part of the process was realizing that I could diagnose a problem by watching carefully. For the sake of logic and coherence, Sentence 6 should be placed:

A. After Sentence [5].

B. Where it is now.

C. After Sentence [1].

D. After Sentence [3].

16. The author would like to reposition the sentence "Eventually, the 'sleep debt' must be repaid" (currently Sentence 3 in Paragraph 5) to improve logical flow. The best placement would be:

A. At the very end of the paragraph.

B. After Sentence 1.

C. After Sentence 4.

D. Where it is now.

17. $29

A. Yes; add it after Sentence [5] to provide more details about what visitors can do at the museum.

B. No; it contradicts the first paragraph by suggesting the museum is too large to explore quickly.

C. No; it distracts from the paragraph’s focus on a hands-on navigation activity.

D. Yes; add it after Sentence [8] to conclude the paragraph with a practical detail about souvenirs.

18. The writer is revising the two-paragraph draft below. Paragraph 1: 1 A community garden can look effortless in midsummer, but it depends on careful planning. 2 Our group began by testing the soil and mapping where sunlight fell during the day. 3 We also set rules for watering so no one plot would be neglected. 4 By the time seedlings went into the ground, volunteers already knew their weekly tasks. Paragraph 2: 5 <ins>For example,</ins> the garden’s success has encouraged neighbors to stop by and trade recipes. 6 On Saturday mornings, children help harvest herbs while adults pull weeds. 7 These small routines turn an empty lot into a shared space. Which choice provides the most effective transition at the beginning of Paragraph 2?

A. NO CHANGE

B. As a result,

C. Nevertheless,

D. In contrast,

19. The writer is revising the two-paragraph draft below. Paragraph 1: 1 The city installed new bike lanes last spring, and many residents were skeptical. 2 Some worried the lanes would slow traffic and reduce parking. 3 Others doubted that enough people would bike to justify the cost. Paragraph 2: 4 <ins>In fact,</ins> within months, weekday bicycle counts on the main avenue doubled. 5 Local businesses reported more foot traffic from cyclists who stopped to shop. 6 Even drivers benefited because the number of minor collisions at a busy intersection dropped. Which choice provides the most effective transition at the beginning of Paragraph 2?

A. For example,

B. Similarly,

C. Meanwhile,

D. In fact,

20. $2a

A. Yes, and it should be placed after Sentence [2] because it clarifies why the writer decided to set rules before collecting donations in Sentence [3].

B. No, because it shifts the focus away from practical steps and introduces an unnecessary personal anecdote that doesn’t support the main point.

C. Yes, and it should be placed after Sentence [4] because it provides a better conclusion to the first paragraph than the description of the sign-out sheet.

D. Yes, and it should be placed after Sentence [1] because it explains the problem that led the writer to propose the library in Sentence [2].

21. In the paragraph below, the writer wants to improve logical sequence. 1 The museum’s new exhibit on sound begins in an unexpected place: a silent room. 2 Visitors step inside and notice the faint buzz of the lights and the shuffle of shoes. 3 Sentence X: Only after this warm-up do they enter the main gallery, where instruments and speakers invite them to experiment. 4 In the main gallery, guests pluck oversized strings and watch the vibrations appear as ripples on a screen. 5 At the end, a small booth lets visitors record a short message and remix it into music. For the sake of logic and coherence, Sentence X should be placed:

A. After Sentence 4

B. Where it is now (after Sentence 2)

C. After Sentence 1

D. After Sentence 5

22. The following paragraph contains bracketed sentence numbers. 1 The librarian showed our class how to use the online catalog to locate primary sources. 2 She explained that keywords can be too general, so she recommended searching by specific dates and places. 3 Then she demonstrated how to request a box of documents from the archive desk. 4 The archive room stays cool to protect fragile paper from humidity. 5 Finally, she reminded us to photograph citations so we could credit sources correctly. For the sake of unity, Sentence 4 should be:

A. kept, because it provides a vivid sensory detail that strengthens the paragraph’s description of the librarian.

B. deleted, because it interrupts the step-by-step explanation of how to find and use sources.

C. kept, because it clarifies why the librarian recommends requesting documents from the archive desk.

D. deleted, because it contradicts the paragraph by suggesting that humidity improves paper quality.

23. Which choice provides the most effective transition between the two paragraphs? Paragraph 1: The new bridge has significantly reduced travel time for commuters. It has also improved safety by reducing traffic congestion. Paragraph 2: <ins>Consequently</ins>, the project has received praise from both the public and government officials.

A. However

B. NO CHANGE

C. Furthermore

D. Similarly

24. The following passage is from an article about a community theater’s costume shop. 1 On Monday evenings, the costume shop fills with volunteers who can sew, glue, or simply sort buttons by color. 2 The shop manager, Lila, starts each session by reading the week’s production notes aloud. 3 Then she assigns tasks: hemming a skirt, reinforcing a jacket seam, or adding pockets to a vest. 4 Everyone works quietly at first, concentrating on small stitches and careful measurements. 5 Soon, though, conversation rises as people trade tips and tell stories about past shows. 6 By the end of the night, the shop looks less like a storage room and more like a place where ideas are taking shape. For the sake of logic and coherence, Sentence 6 should be placed:

A. After Sentence [4].

B. After Sentence [1].

C. Where it is now.

D. After Sentence [3].

25. The following passage is from an article about training service dogs. Paragraph 1: 1 Trainers begin by teaching puppies to focus amid distractions, rewarding them for maintaining eye contact and ignoring dropped food. 2 Next, the puppies practice walking calmly through crowded hallways and stopping at curbs. 3 Only after these basics do trainers introduce tasks tailored to a person’s needs, such as retrieving a phone or opening a door. Paragraph 2: 4 <ins>Therefore</ins>, not every dog that starts the program becomes a service dog; some are better suited to being therapy animals or pets. 5 The organization views those outcomes as successes too, because the dogs are still placed in homes where their temperaments fit. Which choice provides the most effective transition at the beginning of Paragraph 2?

A. However,

B. Similarly,

C. NO CHANGE

D. For example,

26. Read the following passage. At the science center, visitors can step into a wind tunnel to feel how air pushes against different shapes. A staff member hands each visitor a foam model—some are smooth spheres, others are jagged stars—and asks them to predict which will wobble. After the test, the staff member explains how drag increases when air can’t flow smoothly around an object. The writer is considering adding the following sentence after the second sentence: “During the center’s grand opening, the mayor gave a short speech about the importance of local businesses.” Should the writer make this addition, and if so, where?

A. No, because it repeats information already implied by the staff member’s explanation of drag.

B. No, because it distracts from the description of the wind-tunnel activity and does not support the paragraph’s focus.

C. Yes, because it explains why the staff member uses foam models and would fit best after the third sentence.

D. Yes, because it adds historical context about the science center’s opening and would fit best after the first sentence.

27. The writer is considering adding the following sentence: 'The initiative will involve partnerships with local organizations.' Should the writer make this addition?

A. No, because it shifts focus away from the current discussion.

B. No, because it repeats information already mentioned.

C. Yes, because it provides financial details of the initiative.

D. Yes, because it highlights collaboration efforts.

28. The following passage is from a student’s reflection on joining a debate team. 1 At first, I memorized entire speeches because I was afraid of forgetting my points. 2 During tournaments, though, opponents asked unexpected questions that my memorized lines didn’t answer. 3 My coach taught me to build an outline instead: a clear claim, two reasons, and evidence I could adapt to the room. 4 I still practice my opening, but now I listen more closely and respond to what is actually being argued. The writer is considering adding the following sentence after Sentence 4: “Debate has also introduced me to my favorite cafeteria meal: grilled cheese on tomato soup day.” Should the writer make this addition?

A. Yes, because it adds a humorous detail that strengthens the paragraph’s focus on adapting arguments to opponents.

B. No, because it is unrelated to the writer’s reflection on debate strategies and would distract from the paragraph’s main idea.

C. Yes, because it offers a concrete example of how debate improves listening skills during rounds.

D. No, because it contradicts Sentence 1 by implying the writer never memorized speeches.

29. The writer is considering adding the following sentence: 'The new policy aims to improve employee satisfaction.' Should the writer make this addition?

A. No, because it shifts focus away from the current discussion.

B. Yes, because it highlights the policy's financial impact.

C. No, because it repeats information already mentioned.

D. Yes, because it provides information about the company's goals.

30. For the sake of logic and coherence, Sentence 3 should be placed: 1 The team was excited about their upcoming match. 2 They had been practicing hard all week. 3 The weather forecast predicted rain on the day of the match. 4 Their coach reminded them to stay focused.

A. After Sentence [2]

B. After Sentence [4]

C. After Sentence [1]

D. Where it is now

31. The following passage is from a school newsletter about starting a student-run seed library. 1 A seed library works like a regular library: instead of borrowing books, gardeners “check out” seeds. 2 At our school, the library will be a small cabinet near the main office, labeled with drawers for herbs, flowers, and vegetables. 3 Students can take a packet in spring, grow the plants at home, and then return saved seeds in the fall. 4 This return step matters because it keeps the collection circulating without constant purchases. 5 The science club will host short workshops on saving seeds, since some plants cross-pollinate and need extra care. The writer wants to add the following sentence to the paragraph: “Last year, our basketball team won the regional tournament after an undefeated season.” Should the writer add this sentence?

A. Yes, because it offers another example of student leadership and shows that the school community supports many kinds of projects.

B. No, because it is unrelated to the seed library and distracts from explaining how the system will work.

C. Yes, because it provides important background about the school’s budget and why the seed library must avoid constant purchases.

D. No, because it contradicts the paragraph’s claim that students can return seeds in the fall.

32. For the sake of logic and coherence, Sentence 2 should be placed: 1 The concert last night was spectacular. 2 The band played a mix of classic hits and new songs. 3 Everyone in the audience seemed to enjoy the performance. 4 The stage was brightly lit and added to the atmosphere.

A. After Sentence [1]

B. After Sentence [3]

C. Where it is now

D. After Sentence [4]

33. The following passage is from an article about a community theater’s costume shop. 1 On Monday evenings, the costume shop fills with volunteers who can sew, glue, or simply sort buttons by color. 2 The shop manager, Lila, starts each session by reading the week’s production notes aloud. 3 Then she assigns tasks: hemming a skirt, reinforcing a jacket seam, or adding pockets to a vest. 4 Everyone works quietly at first, concentrating on small stitches and careful measurements. 5 Soon, though, conversation rises as people trade tips and tell stories about past shows. 6 By the end of the night, the shop looks less like a storage room and more like a place where ideas are taking shape. For the sake of logic and coherence, Sentence 6 should be placed:

A. Where it is now.

B. After Sentence [1].

C. After Sentence [4].

D. After Sentence [3].

34. Read the following two-paragraph passage. For years, the school newspaper was printed once a month and handed out during lunch. Students liked flipping through the pages, but the staff often rushed to meet the printer’s deadline. If an event happened right after an issue went to press, the paper couldn’t cover it until weeks later. <ins>As a result</ins>, the newspaper adviser encouraged the staff to keep the monthly print edition exactly the same. The staff also created a website where reporters could post updates within hours. Now, the print edition highlights longer features, and the website covers breaking news. Which choice provides the most effective transition at the beginning of the second paragraph?

A. To address this problem,

B. For instance,

C. NO CHANGE

D. In contrast,

35. Should the sentence 'The chef's new recipe was an instant hit with the customers.' be kept or deleted? Paragraph: The restaurant recently revamped its menu to include more international dishes. Customers have been eager to try the new offerings, and the feedback has been overwhelmingly positive.

A. Deleted, because it introduces unrelated information.

B. Kept, because it provides specific details about a particular dish.

C. Kept, because it highlights a successful aspect of the new menu.

D. Deleted, because it shifts the focus from the menu to the chef.

36. Should the sentence 'The restaurant's new menu features a variety of vegan options.' be kept or deleted?

A. Kept, because it introduces a new topic to be discussed.

B. Deleted, because it does not relate to the main topic of the paragraph.

C. Deleted, because it contradicts information given earlier.

D. Kept, because it provides relevant information about the restaurant.

37. The following passage is from a student’s narrative about joining a debate team. 1 I joined debate because I thought it would make me less nervous about speaking in class. 2 At my first practice, I tried to memorize my entire argument word for word. 3 When it was my turn, I froze after the second sentence and stared at my notes as if they were written in another language. 4 Our captain pulled me aside afterward and showed me how to outline instead: claim, evidence, explanation. 5 I practiced that structure all week, and at the next meeting I could actually listen to the other speaker and respond. Which choice best maintains the focus of the paragraph?

A. Add a sentence after Sentence [3] listing the narrator’s favorite school subjects and the teachers who inspired them.

B. Delete Sentence [4] because it introduces another person and shifts the paragraph away from the narrator’s feelings.

C. Keep the paragraph as it is, since each sentence contributes to the narrator’s experience learning a strategy for speaking.

D. Add a sentence after Sentence [1] describing the history of debate as an activity in ancient Greece.

38. Which choice best maintains the focus of the paragraph? 1 The workshop was designed to enhance leadership skills. 2 Participants engaged in various team-building exercises. 3 <ins>Some participants found the exercises too challenging</ins>. 4 Feedback from attendees was overwhelmingly positive.

A. Participants gained valuable insights.

B. The workshop was held in a large conference room.

C. NO CHANGE

D. There were refreshments available during breaks.

39. The following passage is from a two-paragraph essay about a museum’s audio guide. Paragraph 1: 1 The museum recently replaced its old audio guide, which used bulky devices that visitors had to return at the exit. 2 The new guide runs on visitors’ phones through a web app. 3 It offers short tracks for each gallery, and it also includes optional longer interviews with artists and curators. 4 Because the tracks are numbered to match the wall labels, visitors can choose their own route without getting lost. Paragraph 2: 5 The museum staff also revised the scripts to make them more conversational and less like a lecture. 6 Instead of listing dates and materials first, the guide begins by asking visitors to notice a detail—like a brushstroke or a shadow—and then explains why it matters. 7 Many visitors report that this approach makes them linger longer in front of artworks. Which choice provides the most effective transition between Paragraph 1 and Paragraph 2?

A. Beyond updating the technology, the museum also changed what the guide says and how it says it.

B. In other words, the museum’s galleries are arranged in a straight line that visitors can follow from start to finish.

C. NO CHANGE

D. However, the new guide is still too expensive for most visitors to access on their phones.

40. Which choice provides the most effective transition between the two paragraphs? First Paragraph The startup has seen rapid growth over the past year. Second Paragraph <ins>This success</ins> can be attributed to their innovative approach to technology.

A. NO CHANGE

B. Interestingly, the growth

C. However, this growth

D. In contrast, the growth

41. Where should the following sentence be placed? 'The new curriculum focuses on interactive learning techniques.' 1 The school has recently undergone several changes. 2 Teachers have received training to adapt to the new system. 3 Students are expected to benefit from these updates. 4 The school aims to improve overall educational outcomes.

A. After Sentence [2]

B. After Sentence [3]

C. After Sentence [1]

D. After Sentence [4]

42. Where should the following sentence be placed? 'The results of the survey were surprising to everyone involved.' 1 The study was conducted over a period of six months. 2 Participants were selected randomly from the population. 3 The data was analyzed using advanced statistical methods. 4 The findings will be published in a scientific journal.

A. After Sentence [4]

B. After Sentence [1]

C. After Sentence [2]

D. After Sentence [3]

43. Where should the following sentence be placed? 'The chef prepared the meal with locally sourced ingredients.' 1 The dinner was a delightful experience. 2 The appetizers were especially tasty. 3 Guests were impressed by the flavors. 4 The dessert was a perfect end to the meal.

A. After Sentence [3]

B. After Sentence [1]

C. After Sentence [4]

D. After Sentence [2]

44. Where should the following sentence be placed? 'The conference attracted experts from various fields.' 1 The event was held at the downtown convention center. 2 Attendees had the opportunity to network and share ideas. 3 The keynote address was delivered by a renowned scientist. 4 Workshops covered a wide range of topics.

A. After Sentence [2]

B. After Sentence [3]

C. After Sentence [4]

D. After Sentence [1]

45. The following passage is from an informational handout about reducing food waste at home. 1 Most food waste happens gradually, one forgotten ingredient at a time. 2 A simple strategy is to plan two “flex meals” each week—dinners designed to use whatever is already in the refrigerator. 3 For example, leftover vegetables can become a stir-fry, and extra rice can turn into fried rice. 4 Another strategy is to store foods where you can see them, placing older items at the front of the shelf. 5 Some people think reducing waste requires complicated apps or strict meal plans. 6 But the most effective habit is paying attention: checking what you have before shopping and cooking with it first. For the sake of logic and coherence, Sentence 5 should be placed:

A. After Sentence [1].

B. After Sentence [3].

C. Where it is now.

D. After Sentence [6].

46. The writer is revising the two-paragraph draft below. Paragraph 1: 1 When I started volunteering at the animal shelter, I expected mostly to play with dogs. 2 Instead, I spent my first shift folding towels, sanitizing bowls, and labeling medications. 3 The work felt repetitive, but staff members reminded me that routine keeps animals healthy. Paragraph 2: 4 <ins>On the other hand,</ins> by the end of the month I could recognize each dog’s feeding schedule and temperament. 5 I also learned how to guide nervous cats into carriers without frightening them. 6 The chores that once seemed dull became the foundation for better care. Which choice provides the most effective transition at the beginning of Paragraph 2?

A. In summary,

B. On the other hand,

C. As a result,

D. For instance,

47. The following passage is from a school newsletter about starting a student-run seed library. 1 A seed library works like a regular library: instead of borrowing books, gardeners “check out” seeds. 2 At our school, the library will be a small cabinet near the main office, labeled with drawers for herbs, flowers, and vegetables. 3 Students can take a packet in spring, grow the plants at home, and then return saved seeds in the fall. 4 This return step matters because it keeps the collection circulating without constant purchases. 5 The science club will host short workshops on saving seeds, since some plants cross-pollinate and need extra care. The writer wants to add the following sentence to the paragraph: “Last year, our basketball team won the regional tournament after an undefeated season.” Should the writer add this sentence?

A. No, because it is unrelated to the seed library and distracts from explaining how the system will work.

B. Yes, because it offers another example of student leadership and shows that the school community supports many kinds of projects.

C. No, because it contradicts the paragraph’s claim that students can return seeds in the fall.

D. Yes, because it provides important background about the school’s budget and why the seed library must avoid constant purchases.

48. The following passage is from a two-paragraph essay about a museum’s audio guide. Paragraph 1: 1 The museum recently replaced its old audio guide, which used bulky devices that visitors had to return at the exit. 2 The new guide runs on visitors’ phones through a web app. 3 It offers short tracks for each gallery, and it also includes optional longer interviews with artists and curators. 4 Because the tracks are numbered to match the wall labels, visitors can choose their own route without getting lost. Paragraph 2: 5 The museum staff also revised the scripts to make them more conversational and less like a lecture. 6 Instead of listing dates and materials first, the guide begins by asking visitors to notice a detail—like a brushstroke or a shadow—and then explains why it matters. 7 Many visitors report that this approach makes them linger longer in front of artworks. Which choice provides the most effective transition between Paragraph 1 and Paragraph 2?

A. Beyond updating the technology, the museum also changed what the guide says and how it says it.

B. In other words, the museum’s galleries are arranged in a straight line that visitors can follow from start to finish.

C. NO CHANGE

D. However, the new guide is still too expensive for most visitors to access on their phones.

49. Which choice provides the most effective transition between Paragraph 3 and Paragraph 4?

A. Fungi can be found all over the world, and

B. Because the aphids are so destructive,

C. Despite their incredible capabilities,

D. NO CHANGE — Because of logging and clear-cutting,

50. The following paragraph is from a student’s article about a neighborhood mural. 1 The mural began as a sketch on the back of a grocery receipt. 2 The artist wanted to paint the neighborhood’s history without turning the wall into a timeline. 3 She met with longtime residents and asked them to describe a place they missed. 4 Their answers—an old movie theater, a corner bakery, a playground—became small scenes that she wove together. 5 The final design used bright colors so the images could be recognized from across the street. 6 The wall had been blank for years, and people rarely stopped there. For the sake of logic and coherence, Sentence 6 should be placed:

A. After Sentence [5].

B. Where it is now.

C. After Sentence [2].

D. After Sentence [1].

51. The sentence 'This technology has the potential to revolutionize the energy industry.' should be placed: 1 Scientists have developed a new method for storing renewable energy. 2 This method is more efficient and cost-effective than existing technologies. 3 It could lead to a significant reduction in carbon emissions. Where should the sentence be placed?

A. After Sentence [2]

B. Before Sentence [1]

C. After Sentence [3]

D. After Sentence [1]

52. The writer wants to improve the logical order of the paragraph below. 1 Before mailing my application, I double-checked that every page was signed. 2 I printed the forms and spread them across the table. 3 Then I scanned the packet into a single PDF for my records. 4 Finally, I sealed the envelope and wrote the address neatly. For the sake of logic and coherence, Sentence 1 should be placed:

A. Where it is now

B. After Sentence 3

C. After Sentence 2

D. After Sentence 4

53. The following passage is from a report about a town’s effort to reduce light pollution. 1 For years, our town’s streetlights sent bright glare into bedroom windows and washed out the night sky. 2 Residents complained about poor sleep, and local astronomers stopped hosting public stargazing events in the park. 3 The town council formed a committee to recommend changes that would improve safety without wasting energy. 4 The committee’s first step was to measure how much light actually reached the sidewalks. 5 The results surprised many people: some lamps were so bright that they created harsh shadows, while others barely lit the ground at all. 6 After reviewing the data, the council approved shielded fixtures that direct light downward and dim late at night. Which choice provides the most effective transition between the two paragraphs?

A. As a result, the committee began by collecting evidence to understand the problem more precisely.

B. NO CHANGE

C. In contrast, the committee avoided gathering information and instead relied on personal opinions.

D. For example, the town’s parks department scheduled additional stargazing events to celebrate the brighter lights.

54. The following passage is from a student’s article about community seed libraries. 1 At the Maple Street Branch, a small wooden cabinet near the entrance holds dozens of labeled envelopes: basil, beans, marigolds, and more. 2 Patrons “check out” seeds in spring and, if their plants thrive, return saved seeds in the fall so the collection stays stocked. 3 The system is informal, but librarians still track which varieties disappear quickly and which sit untouched. 4 The branch began the seed library after a local gardening club offered to sort donations and teach a free class on seed saving. For the sake of logic and coherence, Sentence 3 should be placed:

A. After Sentence 2.

B. After Sentence 4.

C. After Sentence 1.

D. Where it is now.

55. Should the sentence 'Many tourists visit the city to enjoy its cultural festivals.' be kept or deleted?

A. Deleted, because it contradicts information given earlier.

B. Deleted, because it does not relate to the main topic of the paragraph.

C. Kept, because it introduces a new topic to be discussed.

D. Kept, because it highlights an important attraction of the city.

56. The writer is considering adding the following sentence: 'The team plans to launch a new product line next year.' Should the writer make this addition?

A. No, because it shifts focus away from the current discussion.

B. Yes, because it highlights the team's past achievements.

C. Yes, because it provides information about the team's future plans.

D. No, because it repeats information already mentioned.

57. Which choice provides the most effective transition between the two paragraphs? First Paragraph The museum houses an impressive collection of ancient artifacts. Second Paragraph <ins>These pieces</ins> are meticulously preserved and displayed with detailed descriptions.

A. Despite this, the museum

B. In contrast, the museum

C. NO CHANGE

D. Additionally, the museum

58. Which choice best maintains the focus of the paragraph? 1 The library offers a wide range of resources for students. 2 Computers and study rooms are available. 3 <ins>Many students prefer studying at home</ins>. 4 The library also hosts workshops and events.

A. Many students take advantage of these resources.

B. Some students find it too noisy.

C. The library was renovated recently.

D. NO CHANGE

59. Where should the following sentence be placed? 'The book provides a detailed analysis of economic trends.' 1 It has been praised by critics for its thorough research. 2 The author is a well-respected economist. 3 The book has become a bestseller in its category. 4 Readers appreciate its clear explanations.

A. After Sentence [3]

B. After Sentence [1]

C. After Sentence [2]

D. After Sentence [4]

60. For the sake of logic and coherence, Sentence 4 should be placed: 1 The park is a popular spot for families. 2 It features a large playground and picnic areas. 3 Children enjoy the swings and slides. 4 The annual fair is held in the park.

A. Where it is now

B. After Sentence [2]

C. After Sentence [3]

D. After Sentence [1]

61. Should the sentence 'The painting's vibrant colors captured everyone's attention.' be kept or deleted?

A. Kept, because it introduces a new topic to be discussed.

B. Deleted, because it contradicts information given earlier.

C. Deleted, because it does not relate to the main topic of the paragraph.

D. Kept, because it describes an important aspect of the painting.

62. Should the sentence 'The city's public transport system is efficient and well-maintained.' be kept or deleted?

A. Deleted, because it does not relate to the main topic of the paragraph.

B. Kept, because it introduces a new topic to be discussed.

C. Kept, because it provides relevant information about the city's infrastructure.

D. Deleted, because it contradicts information given earlier.

63. For the sake of logic and coherence, Sentence 2 should be placed: 1 The artist is known for his unique style. 2 His work often features bold colors and abstract shapes. 3 Critics have praised his ability to evoke emotion. 4 His latest exhibition opened last week.

A. After Sentence [4]

B. After Sentence [3]

C. After Sentence [1]

D. Where it is now

64. Which choice provides the most effective transition between the two paragraphs? First Paragraph The new smartphone has several innovative features. Second Paragraph <ins>These innovations</ins> have been well-received by consumers.

A. However, these features

B. Interestingly, these features

C. In contrast, these features

D. NO CHANGE

65. Should the sentence 'The community center offers a variety of programs for all ages.' be kept or deleted?

A. Deleted, because it contradicts information given earlier.

B. Deleted, because it does not relate to the main topic of the paragraph.

C. Kept, because it provides relevant information about the community center.

D. Kept, because it introduces a new topic to be discussed.

66. Which choice provides the most effective transition between the two paragraphs? Paragraph 1: The new smartphone model boasts a range of advanced features, including a high-resolution camera and extended battery life. Paragraph 2: <ins>Therefore</ins>, it has quickly become a favorite among tech enthusiasts.

A. Nevertheless

B. NO CHANGE

C. Furthermore

D. In contrast

67. Which choice provides the most logical transition at this point in the passage?

A. Instead,

B. For instance,

C. NO CHANGE

D. Today,

68. Which choice provides the best introduction to the paragraph?

A. NO CHANGE

B. Boeri was born in Milan in 1956.

C. The cost of maintaining the trees is included in the residents' fees.

D. Some critics still argue that the towers are too expensive to build.

69. The writer wants to add the following sentence to the essay: Some collectors even began deliberately breaking valuable bowls just to have them repaired in this style. The sentence would most logically be placed at:

A. The end of Paragraph 2.

B. The end of Paragraph 1.

C. The end of Paragraph 4.

D. The end of Paragraph 3.

70. The writer is thinking of adding the following sentence to the essay: The International Dark-Sky Association estimates that 30% of all outdoor lighting in the U.S. is wasted. This sentence would most logically be placed in:

A. Paragraph 4.

B. Paragraph 1.

C. Paragraph 3.

D. Paragraph 2.

71. Which transition word or phrase is most logical in context?

A. In fact,

B. NO CHANGE

C. However,

D. Furthermore,

72. The writer wants to add the following sentence to the essay: These structures act as "urban lungs," absorbing carbon dioxide and producing oxygen. The sentence would most logically be placed at:

A. The end of Paragraph 4.

B. The end of Paragraph 2.

C. The end of Paragraph 3.

D. The beginning of Paragraph 1.

73. The writer wants to insert a sentence attributing the discovery of the "glymphatic system" to a specific researcher, Dr. Maiken Nedergaard. The most logical paragraph to add this detail would be:

A. Paragraph 2

B. Paragraph 4

C. Paragraph 1

D. Paragraph 3

74. Which choice best expresses the contrast described in the sentence?

A. therefore

B. so

C. NO CHANGE

D. and

75. Which choice provides the most logical transition?

A. Nevertheless,

B. NO CHANGE

C. Therefore,

D. However,

76. Which choice provides the most logical transition at this point in the passage?

A. NO CHANGE

B. however,

C. moreover,

D. therefore,

77. Which choice provides the most effective transition between the first and third sentences of Paragraph 5?

A. However, aerospace engineers saw its potential.

B. It was only available in black or white at the time.

C. NO CHANGE

D. De Mestral was incredibly disappointed by this outcome.

78. The writer is considering adding the following sentence to Paragraph 3: "It was forged in Pittsburgh and transported to Chicago by specialized trains." Where would this sentence most logically be placed?

A. Before the first sentence.

B. After the third sentence.

C. After the final sentence.

D. After the second sentence.

79. For the sake of logic and coherence, Sentence 2 should be placed: 1 The annual festival attracts thousands of tourists each year. 2 It features live music, food stalls, and cultural displays. 3 Local businesses greatly benefit from the influx of visitors. Where should Sentence 2 be placed?

A. Where it is now

B. Before Sentence [1]

C. After Sentence [3]

D. After Sentence [1]

80. If the writer were to add the following sentence to Paragraph 3 — 'Humidity is required because the sap hardens by absorbing moisture from the air, rather than by drying out.' — where would it most logically be placed?

A. After the fourth sentence.

B. Before the final sentence.

C. Before the first sentence.

D. After the second sentence.

81. Which choice provides the most logical transition between the first half of Paragraph 5 and the second half?

A. In fact, many musicians found the tone to be overly shrill and annoying.

B. NO CHANGE — However, it found a second life in Hollywood.

C. Leon Theremin eventually returned to the Soviet Union under mysterious circumstances.

D. Pianos and guitars remained the most popular instruments of the decade.

82. Which choice provides the most logical transition between Paragraph 4 and Paragraph 5?

A. Ultimately,

B. NO CHANGE — Consequently,

C. Similarly,

D. For instance,

83. Which of the following choices makes the sentence most grammatically acceptable?

A. NO CHANGE

B. Conversely,

C. Nevertheless,

D. For example,

84. The writer wants to add the following sentence to Paragraph 1: 'The motto of the era was Drain the Swamp!' Where would this sentence best be placed?

A. After Sentence 4.

B. Before Sentence 1.

C. After Sentence 1.

D. After Sentence 2.

85. The writer wants to add the following sentence to Paragraph 1: 'Suzanne Simard, a pioneer in plant communication, famously coined the term Wood Wide Web to describe this phenomenon.' The best placement for this sentence would be:

A. After Sentence 3.

B. Before Sentence 1.

C. After Sentence 2.

D. After Sentence 4.

86. Which choice provides the most effective transition between the two paragraphs? Paragraph 1: Many people enjoy gardening as a hobby. It can be a relaxing and rewarding experience. Paragraph 2: <ins>Furthermore</ins>, gardening has been shown to improve mental health by reducing stress and anxiety.

A. NO CHANGE

B. However

C. In contrast

D. Surprisingly

87. The sentence 'The new software update includes several bug fixes and security enhancements.' should be placed: 1 Users have been eagerly awaiting the latest version. 2 It promises to improve the overall user experience. 3 Many have already started downloading it. Where should the sentence be placed?

A. After Sentence [3]

B. Before Sentence [1]

C. After Sentence [1]

D. After Sentence [2]

88. For the sake of logic and coherence, Sentence 4 should be placed: 1 The city council has proposed a new recycling program. 2 It aims to reduce waste and promote environmental sustainability. 3 Residents will be provided with new recycling bins and educational materials. 4 The program is expected to launch next month. Where should Sentence 4 be placed?

A. After Sentence [1]

B. Before Sentence [1]

C. Where it is now

D. After Sentence [2]

89. The sentence 'The new study provides insights into the effects of climate change on marine life.' should be placed: 1 Researchers have been examining the impact of rising temperatures on ocean ecosystems. 2 Their findings suggest significant changes in species distribution and behavior. 3 Long-term consequences could include disruptions to the food chain. Where should the sentence be placed?

A. After Sentence [1]

B. After Sentence [2]

C. Before Sentence [1]

D. After Sentence [3]

90. The following passage is from a student’s blog post about learning to repair bicycles. 1 When my neighbor offered me a rusty road bike for free, I said yes before I thought about what “repair” would involve. 2 I watched a few tutorials and laid my tools on the porch: wrenches, rags, and a small jar of grease. 3 The first task was removing the rear wheel, which sounded simple until the chain refused to budge. 4 After twenty minutes of tugging, I realized I needed to shift into the smallest gear to release tension. 5 Once I did, the wheel slid out, and I finally felt like I was cooperating with the machine. The writer is considering adding the following sentence after Sentence 2: “My porch faces west, so by late afternoon the sunlight made it hard to see the chain.” Should the writer make this addition?

A. No, because it shifts focus to lighting conditions that are not important to the main sequence of repairing the bike.

B. No, because it repeats information already stated about the porch and tools without adding any new context.

C. Yes, because it introduces a new setting that helps the reader understand where the bike came from and why it was rusty.

D. Yes, because it provides a vivid detail that directly explains why the writer struggled with the chain in the next sentences.

91. The writer wants to add the following sentence to Paragraph 3: "Without this nightly wash cycle, these toxins accumulate like trash piling up in a hallway." The best placement for this sentence would be:

A. After Sentence 4.

B. After Sentence 3.

C. Before Sentence 1.

D. After Sentence 2.

92. Which choice best expresses the contrast described in the sentence?

A. therefore

B. and

C. NO CHANGE

D. so

93. Which choice provides the most logical transition?

A. However,

B. Nevertheless,

C. NO CHANGE

D. Therefore,

94. The author would like to reposition the sentence "Eventually, the 'sleep debt' must be repaid" (currently Sentence 3 in Paragraph 5) to improve logical flow. The best placement would be:

A. After Sentence 4.

B. Where it is now.

C. After Sentence 1.

D. At the very end of the paragraph.

95. The writer is considering adding the following sentence: 'The new park design includes a playground, picnic areas, and walking trails.' Should the writer make this addition? Paragraph: The city council has approved plans for a new public park. It aims to provide a space for recreation and community gatherings.

A. Yes, because it emphasizes the park's recreational features.

B. No, because it shifts focus from community gatherings.

C. Yes, because it provides specific details about the park amenities.

D. No, because it introduces unrelated information.

96. In the draft below, the writer wants to place a sentence where it best fits. 1 The first time I tried making sourdough, I assumed the starter would behave like commercial yeast. 2 I mixed flour and water, set the jar on the counter, and waited. 3 The next morning, nothing had happened. 4 I learned that temperature matters: a cold kitchen slows fermentation. 5 After moving the jar to a warmer spot, I finally saw bubbles. Where should the following sentence be placed? “Without warmth, the microorganisms in the starter become less active.”

A. After Sentence 4

B. After Sentence 3

C. After Sentence 5

D. After Sentence 1

97. The writer is working on transitions in the draft below. Paragraph 1: 1 In our physics club, we built a small wind turbine from cardboard and recycled plastic. 2 We wanted to see how blade shape affected how much electricity the turbine could produce. 3 After several trials, we recorded voltage readings for three designs. Paragraph 2: 4 <ins>In addition,</ins> the data showed that wider blades worked best at low wind speeds. 5 Narrower blades performed better when we aimed a fan directly at the turbine. 6 These results helped us decide which design to present at the science fair. Which choice provides the most effective transition at the beginning of Paragraph 2?

A. For instance,

B. Overall,

C. In addition,

D. Consequently,

98. The writer is considering adding a sentence to the draft below. 1 A local theater group is staging a play in an empty storefront downtown. 2 Instead of building a traditional set, the designers plan to use the store’s existing shelves and display windows. 3 The director says the unconventional space will make the audience feel like part of the story. 4 Tickets are priced on a sliding scale to encourage more people to attend. The writer is considering adding the following sentence after Sentence 2: “This approach reduces costs and keeps usable materials out of landfills.” Should the writer make this addition?

A. Yes, because it explains a benefit of using existing features and supports the paragraph’s description of the group’s choices.

B. No, because it adds an opinion about environmental issues that conflicts with the paragraph’s neutral tone.

C. No, because it repeats the idea that the space is unconventional and will make the audience feel included.

D. Yes, because it introduces a new topic—ticket pricing—that the paragraph needs in order to be complete.

99. The writer is working on sentence placement in the paragraph below. 1 At the library’s makerspace, I learned to use a 3D printer. 2 The instructor showed me how to level the print bed and load filament. 3 Sentence X: Next, I designed a simple keychain using free modeling software. 4 Once my file was ready, I exported it and sent it to the printer. 5 An hour later, the keychain cooled on the tray, ready to be sanded. For the sake of logic and coherence, Sentence X should be placed:

A. After Sentence 4

B. After Sentence 5

C. Where it is now (after Sentence 2)

D. After Sentence 1

100. In the draft below, the writer is considering adding a sentence to clarify a point. 1 In a blackout, a flashlight is useful only if you can find it quickly. 2 That’s why my family keeps one in the same kitchen drawer at all times. 3 We also store spare batteries in a small container next to it. 4 When the power goes out, no one has to search through closets. The writer is considering adding the following sentence after Sentence 1: “Keeping emergency supplies in consistent locations reduces confusion during stressful moments.” Should the writer make this addition?

A. Yes, because it states the general principle that the rest of the paragraph illustrates with a specific example.

B. Yes, because it provides a detailed list of emergency supplies that families should store in drawers.

C. No, because it contradicts the claim that flashlights are useful only if they are easy to find.

D. No, because it introduces a new topic—kitchen organization—that the paragraph does not discuss.

101. The following passage is from an informational piece about how chefs develop new recipes. 1 When testing a soup, Chef Alvarez changes only one variable at a time, such as the amount of salt or the cooking time for the onions. 2 She writes each change in a notebook so she can compare batches later. 3 Her restaurant is located in a renovated train station with tall arched windows. 4 After several trials, she invites the staff to taste and describe what they notice, from texture to aroma. Which choice best maintains the unity of the paragraph?

A. Delete Sentence 3, because it shifts to an unrelated description of the building rather than the process of recipe testing.

B. Replace Sentence 3 with a sentence explaining that train stations often have restaurants, because that would clarify the setting.

C. NO CHANGE

D. Move Sentence 3 to the beginning of the paragraph, because it provides needed background before describing Chef Alvarez’s methods.

102. The following passage is from a student’s blog post about learning to repair bicycles. 1 I used to think bike maintenance required a workshop full of specialized tools. 2 Then a neighbor invited me to a “fix-it night” at the community center, where volunteers help people diagnose problems. 3 I arrived with a squeaky chain and a wobbly rear wheel. 4 The volunteers showed me how to clean the chain, tighten the axle nuts, and test the wheel for true. The writer is considering adding the following sentence after Sentence 1: “Watching online videos made the steps look simple, but I still didn’t know which problems to tackle first.” Should the writer make this addition?

A. Yes, because it explains why the writer’s opinion changed and sets up the need for guidance at the fix-it night.

B. No, because it repeats information already stated in Sentence 4 about the volunteers’ instructions.

C. Yes, because it provides technical details about chain cleaning that the rest of the paragraph does not mention.

D. No, because it introduces a new topic—competitive cycling—that distracts from the paragraph’s focus on basic repairs.

103. The following passage is from a student’s article about nighttime astronomy events. Paragraph 1: 1 The park’s “Star Walk” begins at dusk, when rangers hand out red cellophane to cover flashlights and preserve visitors’ night vision. 2 Along the trail, small signs point out constellations that are visible in each season. 3 The rangers also pause at a clearing to let participants look through a telescope aimed at the brightest planet in the sky. Paragraph 2: 4 <ins>For instance</ins>, the park schedules the walk near the new moon whenever possible, since darker skies reveal fainter stars. 5 If clouds roll in, the rangers switch to an indoor program that uses a digital planetarium to simulate the night sky. Which choice provides the most effective transition between Paragraph 1 and Paragraph 2?

A. In contrast,

B. As a result of these signs,

C. To make the viewing conditions even better,

D. NO CHANGE

104. The following passage is from an essay about a museum’s audio guide. 1 The museum recently replaced its printed brochures with a free audio guide that visitors can stream on their phones. 2 The guide includes short tracks for each gallery, and it allows listeners to choose between a “highlights” route and a deeper, room-by-room tour. 3 Visitors who don’t have headphones can borrow a sanitized pair at the front desk. 4 The museum hopes the new system will reduce paper waste and make the exhibits more accessible. For the sake of logic and coherence, Sentence 4 should be placed:

A. After Sentence 3.

B. After Sentence 2.

C. After Sentence 1.

D. Where it is now.

105. The following passage contains bracketed sentence numbers. 1 When I started training for my first 5K, I assumed running farther meant running faster every day. 2 After a week, my legs ached, and I dreaded each workout. 3 A coach at the track suggested I alternate hard days with easy days to give my muscles time to recover. 4 I began following a simple plan: two short easy runs, one day of intervals, and a longer run on the weekend. 5 The plan also included one full rest day, which felt strange at first. 6 Within a month, I could finish the same route while breathing more steadily. Where should Sentence 5 be placed for the most logical sequence?

A. After Sentence [4].

B. After Sentence [3].

C. Where it is now.

D. After Sentence [2].

106. The following passage contains bracketed sentence numbers. 1 On Saturday mornings, volunteers at the Riverside Tool Library unlock a small storefront and roll a cart of drills, saws, and sanders onto the sidewalk. 2 Members can borrow tools for a week at a time, which saves money and reduces the number of rarely used tools sitting in garages. 3 A new member attends an orientation, signs an agreement, and receives a key tag for checkout. 4 The library also hosts short workshops on basic home repair, such as patching drywall and replacing a faucet. 5 Last month, the volunteers reorganized the shelves by tool type and posted large labels to speed up returns. 6 Because of the new labels, fewer tools end up in the wrong bins at closing time. For the sake of logic and coherence, Sentence 5 should be placed:

A. After Sentence [1].

B. After Sentence [4].

C. After Sentence [6].

D. Where it is now.

107. Read the following passage. At the community garden, each plot is small, but the gardeners treat it like a laboratory. They compare tomato varieties, track rainfall, and share notes about pests. One group has started planting marigolds along the edges of their beds to discourage insects. The writer is considering adding the following sentence to the end of the paragraph: “Marigolds are also the national flower of Mexico, where they are used in celebrations such as Día de los Muertos.” Should the writer make this addition?

A. Yes, because it explains why marigolds are planted in the garden and clarifies how they discourage insects.

B. Yes, because it provides cultural background that supports the paragraph’s focus on gardening experiments and pest control.

C. No, because it contradicts the paragraph by implying that marigolds are planted for decoration rather than for practical reasons.

D. No, because it shifts the focus away from the gardeners’ observations and into a cultural detail unrelated to the paragraph’s main point.

108. Read the following two-paragraph passage. The city’s summer concert series takes place in a small park downtown. Families arrive early with folding chairs, and local food trucks line the curb. Volunteers from the arts council set up a table where visitors can pick up schedules and donate to support next year’s performers. <ins>In addition</ins>, the series depends on careful planning behind the scenes. Organizers apply for permits, coordinate sound checks, and arrange for accessible seating. When storms threaten, they also decide whether to delay the start time or move the concert indoors. Which choice provides the most effective transition between the two paragraphs?

A. NO CHANGE

B. However,

C. For example,

D. Behind this lively scene,

109. Read the following two-paragraph passage. The hiking club planned a route along the river, choosing a path with gentle slopes so that new members could keep up. Before leaving, the leader reviewed the map, pointed out the turnaround spot, and reminded everyone to carry out any trash they found. <ins>Meanwhile</ins>, the club’s planning didn’t end once the hike began. Two experienced hikers walked at the back to make sure no one fell behind, and the leader paused at intersections to confirm the group’s direction. At the end, members compared notes about which sections were muddy so they could adjust the next route. Which choice provides the most effective transition at the beginning of the second paragraph?

A. Afterward,

B. In fact,

C. Similarly,

D. NO CHANGE

110. The following passage contains bracketed sentence numbers. 1 In the ceramics studio, I used to rush through glazing because I wanted to see the final colors as soon as possible. 2 My teacher asked me to slow down and mix test batches on small tiles first. 3 She explained that the same glaze can look different depending on thickness and firing temperature. 4 I labeled each tile with the recipe and the number of coats, then arranged them in the kiln on a single shelf. 5 When the kiln cooled, I compared the tiles and chose a combination that produced a deep blue without turning cloudy. 6 After that, I glazed my bowl using the same number of coats I had tested. For the sake of logic and coherence, Sentence 6 should be placed:

A. Where it is now.

B. After Sentence [3].

C. After Sentence [4].

D. After Sentence [2].

111. The following passage is from a guide about reading food labels. 1 Many shoppers look at the front of a package and assume words like “natural” or “light” guarantee a healthy product. 2 A better approach is to turn the package around and check the nutrition facts panel. 3 Start by comparing the serving size to how much you actually plan to eat. 4 Then look at added sugars and sodium, which can be high even in foods marketed as wholesome. 5 Finally, scan the ingredient list: ingredients are listed in order by weight, so the first few items make up most of the product. The writer is considering adding the following sentence: “The first nutrition label in the United States appeared in 1973.” Should the writer make this addition?

A. Yes, because it offers a specific fact that strengthens the argument that shoppers should distrust marketing words on the front of packages.

B. Yes, because it provides historical context that clarifies why serving size and ingredients are listed the way they are today.

C. No, because it is an interesting but unnecessary historical detail that interrupts the practical, step-by-step advice.

D. No, because it contradicts the paragraph’s claim that ingredients are listed in order by weight.

112. Which transition word or phrase is most logical in context?

A. NO CHANGE

B. Therefore,

C. However,

D. In contrast,

113. Which transition word or phrase is most logical in context?

A. In fact,

B. NO CHANGE

C. Therefore,

D. Consequently,

114. The writer wants to add the following sentence to the essay: When these skeletons accumulate, they form the bedrock of the reef. The sentence would most logically be placed at:

A. The end of Paragraph 1.

B. The end of Paragraph 3.

C. The end of Paragraph 2.

D. The end of Paragraph 4.

115. Which choice best creates a logical transition from the preceding sentence?

A. In addition to the metal,

B. As a result of the journey,

C. Despite the repairs,

D. NO CHANGE

116. The writer is considering adding the following sentence: 'This initiative will also create new jobs in the community.' Should the writer make this addition? Paragraph: The new factory opening in the downtown area is expected to boost the local economy. It will increase the production capacity and attract more businesses to the region.

A. Yes, because it highlights an economic benefit of the factory.

B. No, because it introduces unrelated information.

C. No, because it shifts the focus from business to employment.

D. Yes, because it provides information about community impact.

117. The following passage is from a student’s reflection on volunteering at an animal shelter. 1 On my first day at the shelter, I expected to spend most of my time playing with dogs. 2 Instead, I learned that the quiet work—laundering blankets, refilling water bowls, and cleaning kennels—matters just as much. 3 The staff explained that a predictable routine helps animals feel safe. 4 By the end of my shift, I understood why the shelter runs on checklists. 5 In addition, I began to notice how volunteers communicate with one another. 6 If someone had already walked a dog, they wrote the time on a whiteboard so the next person wouldn’t repeat the task. 7 That simple note prevented confusion and gave the dogs a steadier schedule. Which choice provides the most effective transition at the underlined portion in Sentence 5?

A. As a result,

B. However,

C. NO CHANGE

D. Similarly,

118. The following passage is from a student’s article about a city’s new bus rapid transit (BRT) line. 1 When the city announced a BRT line, many commuters doubted it would make a difference. 2 They pictured the same buses stuck in the same traffic. 3 The new line, however, uses dedicated lanes and signal priority at major intersections. 4 As a result, buses spend less time idling at red lights and more time moving. 5 The city also redesigned several stops so riders can pay before boarding. 6 This change reduces crowding at the front door and shortens the time each bus waits at the curb. 7 Some riders still prefer driving because they like listening to music alone. Which choice best maintains the focus of the second paragraph?

A. Keep Sentence [7] because it offers a contrasting opinion that strengthens the paragraph’s explanation of the new stops.

B. Delete Sentence [7] because it introduces a personal preference unrelated to how the redesigned stops improve bus service.

C. Move Sentence [7] to after Sentence [2] because it better matches the doubts described early in the passage.

D. Move Sentence [7] to after Sentence [6] because it provides evidence that paying before boarding reduces time at the curb.

119. The following passage is from an article about a community garden’s compost program. 1 Our community garden used to throw away piles of wilted leaves and vegetable scraps after each workday. 2 Last year, we started a compost program to turn that waste into soil for next season’s beds. 3 Volunteers built two bins from reclaimed wood and posted a list of what could and couldn’t go in them. 4 Soon, gardeners were bringing banana peels and coffee grounds from home as well. 5 The compost didn’t become usable overnight. 6 We learned to alternate “greens,” like food scraps, with “browns,” like dry leaves, and to keep the pile slightly damp. 7 By midsummer, the bins held dark, crumbly compost that we mixed into the beds before planting fall crops. For the sake of logic and coherence, Sentence 5 should be placed:

A. After Sentence [7].

B. After Sentence [2].

C. Where it is now.

D. After Sentence [3].

120. The following passage is from a student’s essay about learning to cook. 1 I used to think cooking meant following a recipe exactly. 2 Then my aunt taught me to taste as I go, adjusting salt, acid, and heat until the dish feels balanced. 3 At first, this advice made me nervous because I wanted measurements, not judgments. 4 Over time, however, I realized that tasting is a kind of measurement, just one that uses attention instead of a spoon. 5 Now, when I make soup, I start with a basic plan but let the ingredients guide the final result. 6 If the broth seems flat, I add lemon juice; if it tastes harsh, I soften it with a little butter. 7 The recipe is still useful, but it has become a map rather than a set of handcuffs. The writer is considering deleting Sentence 3 (“At first, this advice made me nervous because I wanted measurements, not judgments.”). Should the writer delete this sentence?

A. Yes, because it repeats the idea in Sentence [1] that the writer once relied on recipes.

B. No, because it shows the writer’s initial hesitation, making the shift in understanding described in Sentence [4] clearer and more meaningful.

C. Yes, because it interrupts the explanation of how tasting works and adds an unrelated detail about the aunt.

D. No, because it provides specific instructions about how much salt, acid, and heat to add to a dish.

121. $56

A. However,

B. For example,

C. As a result,

D. NO CHANGE

122. The following paragraph is from a student’s informational piece about keeping a houseplant healthy. 1 My pothos plant started drooping even though I watered it regularly. 2 I checked the soil and found it was damp several inches down. 3 Then I noticed the pot didn’t have a drainage hole, so water collected at the bottom. 4 I repotted the plant in a container with drainage and mixed in perlite to loosen the soil. 5 Two weeks later, new leaves appeared. The writer is considering deleting Sentence 2. Should the writer do this?

A. Yes, because Sentence [2] repeats the idea in Sentence [1] that the plant was drooping.

B. Yes, because Sentence [2] interrupts the cause-and-effect chain leading to the discovery in Sentence [3].

C. No, because Sentence [2] introduces the solution of adding perlite, which is developed in Sentence [4].

D. No, because Sentence [2] provides a key observation that helps explain why the writer suspected overwatering.

123. The following paragraph is from a student’s narrative about preparing for a long hike. 1 The night before the hike, I laid everything on the floor: water, snacks, a map, and a first-aid kit. 2 I checked the weather twice and packed an extra layer. 3 In the morning, I ate oatmeal and filled my bottle with ice. 4 At the trailhead, I tightened my shoelaces and adjusted my backpack straps. 5 Only then did I realize I had left the map at home. For the sake of logic and coherence, Sentence 5 should be placed:

A. After Sentence [2].

B. After Sentence [3].

C. After Sentence [1].

D. Where it is now.

124. The writer is considering adding the following sentence: 'The company plans to expand its operations internationally over the next five years.' Should the writer make this addition?

A. Yes, because it provides information about the company's future plans.

B. No, because it repeats information already mentioned.

C. No, because it shifts focus away from the current operations.

D. Yes, because it highlights the company's local achievements.

125. The writer is considering adding the following sentence: 'The park's renovation included the addition of new walking trails.' Should the writer make this addition?

A. Yes, because it highlights the park's historical significance.

B. No, because it repeats information already mentioned.

C. No, because it shifts focus away from the current discussion.

D. Yes, because it provides information about the park's improvements.

126. Which choice provides the most effective transition between the two paragraphs? First Paragraph The novel explores complex themes of identity and belonging. Second Paragraph <ins>These themes</ins> resonate with readers around the world.

A. Interestingly, these themes

B. In contrast, these themes

C. However, these themes

D. NO CHANGE

127. The writer is considering adding the following sentence: 'The initiative will focus on reducing carbon emissions in the transportation sector.' Should the writer make this addition?

A. Yes, because it provides financial details of the initiative.

B. No, because it shifts focus away from the current discussion.

C. No, because it repeats information already mentioned.

D. Yes, because it specifies the focus of the initiative.

128. The following passage is from a student’s narrative about joining a debate team. 1 I joined debate because I thought it would make me less nervous about speaking in class. 2 At my first practice, I tried to memorize my entire argument word for word. 3 When it was my turn, I froze after the second sentence and stared at my notes as if they were written in another language. 4 Our captain pulled me aside afterward and showed me how to outline instead: claim, evidence, explanation. 5 I practiced that structure all week, and at the next meeting I could actually listen to the other speaker and respond. Which choice best maintains the focus of the paragraph?

A. Add a sentence after Sentence [1] describing the history of debate as an activity in ancient Greece.

B. Keep the paragraph as it is, since each sentence contributes to the narrator’s experience learning a strategy for speaking.

C. Delete Sentence [4] because it introduces another person and shifts the paragraph away from the narrator’s feelings.

D. Add a sentence after Sentence [3] listing the narrator’s favorite school subjects and the teachers who inspired them.

129. Should the sentence 'The team worked tirelessly to ensure the project's success.' be kept or deleted? Paragraph: The new infrastructure project was completed ahead of schedule and under budget. It was praised for its efficiency and minimal environmental impact.

A. Deleted, because it shifts focus from the project's outcomes.

B. Kept, because it highlights the effort behind the project's success.

C. Deleted, because it does not add new information.

D. Kept, because it emphasizes the team's dedication.

130. The following passage is from a guide about reading food labels. 1 Many shoppers look at the front of a package and assume words like “natural” or “light” guarantee a healthy product. 2 A better approach is to turn the package around and check the nutrition facts panel. 3 Start by comparing the serving size to how much you actually plan to eat. 4 Then look at added sugars and sodium, which can be high even in foods marketed as wholesome. 5 Finally, scan the ingredient list: ingredients are listed in order by weight, so the first few items make up most of the product. The writer is considering adding the following sentence: “The first nutrition label in the United States appeared in 1973.” Should the writer make this addition?

A. No, because it contradicts the paragraph’s claim that ingredients are listed in order by weight.

B. Yes, because it provides historical context that clarifies why serving size and ingredients are listed the way they are today.

C. Yes, because it offers a specific fact that strengthens the argument that shoppers should distrust marketing words on the front of packages.

D. No, because it is an interesting but unnecessary historical detail that interrupts the practical, step-by-step advice.

131. The writer is considering adding the following sentence: 'The research team worked tirelessly for months to reach their conclusion.' Should the writer make this addition?

A. Yes, because it introduces a new topic related to the team.

B. No, because it repeats information already provided.

C. Yes, because it emphasizes the effort put into the research.

D. No, because it is unrelated to the main topic of the paragraph.

132. Should the sentence 'The gym offers a variety of fitness classes for different skill levels.' be kept or deleted?

A. Deleted, because it contradicts information given earlier.

B. Kept, because it introduces a new topic to be discussed.

C. Kept, because it provides relevant information about the gym's offerings.

D. Deleted, because it does not relate to the main topic of the paragraph.

133. Which choice provides the most effective transition between the two paragraphs? Paragraph 1: The company's profits have steadily increased over the past year. Their new marketing strategy has proven to be effective. Paragraph 2: <ins>As a result</ins>, the company plans to expand its operations to new markets next quarter.

A. Similarly

B. Nevertheless

C. In addition

D. NO CHANGE

134. The writer decides to move this sentence to the beginning of the paragraph. The paragraph would primarily lose:

A. The humor derived from the cow's reaction to the silence.

B. The logical chronological sequence of the encounter with the cow.

C. The contrast between the father's confidence and the dead end.

D. The description of the rural setting.

135. Which choice provides the most logical transition?

A. NO CHANGE

B. Therefore,

C. For example,

D. Finally,

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