1. Based on the results of both experiments, which of the following best describes the mathematical relationships between voltage, resistance, and current?
2. Suppose the botanist performs a third study using soil with an NaCl concentration of 100 mM/kg and a pH of 6.5. Based on the results of Study 1, the germination rate would most likely be:
3. Star X is a Main Sequence star that is exactly twice as hot at its surface as Star D. Based on the mathematical trend shown on the H-R diagram, the luminosity of Star X is approximately:
4. Based on Table 2, what is the mathematical relationship between the spring compression distance (x) and the horizontal distance (D)? As x doubles, D:
5. According to the passage and Table 1, which of the four listed stars is most likely the Sun?
6. Both scientists would most likely agree with which of the following statements about the K-Pg boundary?
7. Based on the relationship between drop time and viscosity described in the passage, if the students tested a new oil, Oil V, that had a viscosity of 130.0 mPa·s at 40°C, the drop time of the steel ball in Oil V at 40°C would most likely be:
8. A critique of Scientist 3's hypothesis is that it requires changing a fundamental law of physics. Scientist 3 would most likely respond by pointing out that:
9. Two scientists debate the primary cause of climate change. Scientist A argues carbon emissions are the main factor, while Scientist B suggests solar activity plays a larger role. Data shows a strong correlation between carbon levels and temperature rise. Which explanation most logically accounts for the results?
10. Students test why an enzyme’s reaction rate decreases at very high substrate concentrations. Two models are proposed.
Model 1 (Saturation Only): Rate approaches a maximum as substrate increases, then stays near that maximum. Prediction: At very high substrate, rate should plateau, not decrease.
Model 2 (Substrate Inhibition): Excess substrate binds to an inhibitory site, reducing activity. Prediction: Rate should increase at first, then decrease at very high substrate.
Figure 1 shows reaction rate versus substrate concentration.
Which model is best supported by the results in Figure 1?
11. Two hypotheses explain the increase in jellyfish populations. Hypothesis 1 states warmer ocean temperatures increase jellyfish numbers. Hypothesis 2 suggests overfishing of predators is the cause. Data correlates higher jellyfish numbers with warmer temperatures. Which hypothesis is more supported?
12. A student hypothesizes that *M. sativa* seeds are completely incapable of germinating in highly acidic soils (pH less than 5.0). Do the results of Study 2 support this hypothesis?
13. Based on the trend in Table 1, if the students had launched the ball at an angle of 90° (straight up), the horizontal distance traveled by the ball would most likely be:
14. Based on the results in Table 1, where is the cut site for Enzyme 1 (E1) located relative to the cut sites for Enzyme 2 (E2)?
15. A chemical agent is introduced that induces a mutation at the exact DNA sequence where Enzyme 1 (E1) normally binds, preventing E1 from cutting the DNA. If this mutated plasmid is treated with the E1 + E2 combination, what fragment sizes will be produced?
16. Star B and Star D both emit radiation into space. However, Star B is significantly cooler than Star D at its surface, yet it emits 100,000 times more total energy. Based on the groups shown in Figure 1, which of the following best explains this phenomenon?
17. Is the statement 'At any given temperature, the oil with the highest viscosity will have the shortest drop time' supported by the data in Figure 1 and Table 1?
18. Based on the trend shown in Table 1, if the student had set the voltage to 14.0 V using the same 10.0 Ω resistor, the current measured by the ammeter would most likely have been:
19. Suppose paleontologists discover the fossilized remains of a very small dinosaur species (roughly the size of a chicken) that lived exclusively in the freezing, dark climates of the Cretaceous polar regions. This discovery would most heavily weaken the hypothesis of:
20. A mathematical analysis of Study 1 reveals that the terminal velocity (vt) is directly proportional to the square root of the number of filters (√N). Note that for N\=1, √1 \= 1.0, and the measured vt \= 1.0 m/s. Based on this relationship, if the students dropped a stack of N \= 9 filters, the expected terminal velocity would be:
21. According to Figure 1, S-waves stop traveling at a depth of 2,900 km. This suggests that the material in the Outer Core is:
22. Suppose a geological study proved that tektites can only form when rock is subjected to temperatures and instantaneous impact pressures far exceeding those generated by even the most explosive volcanic eruptions. This finding would:
23. Two explanations are given for the increase in Earth's average temperature. Explanation 1 attributes it to greenhouse gas emissions. Explanation 2 suggests solar activity is the cause. Data shows a strong correlation between greenhouse gases and temperature increase. Which explanation is more supported?
24. Two hypotheses explain the spread of invasive species in an ecosystem. Hypothesis 1 states that species thrive due to lack of predators. Hypothesis 2 suggests they adapt quickly to new environments. Data shows rapid adaptation in several species. Which hypothesis is better supported?
25. Researchers propose two theories for the development of antibiotic resistance. Theory 1 states it arises from natural selection. Theory 2 suggests horizontal gene transfer as the cause. Genetic studies show resistance genes spreading via gene transfer. Which theory is more consistent with genetic evidence?
26. In an experiment, two models explaining the cause of coastal erosion are compared. Model 1 attributes erosion to human activities, while Model 2 blames natural wave action. Data indicates significant erosion in areas with high human activity. Which model is best supported by the data?
27. Researchers propose two models for the formation of mountain ranges. Model 1 suggests tectonic plate collision, while Model 2 suggests volcanic activity. Geological data shows evidence of tectonic movement. Which model is better supported by the evidence?
28. Two competing hypotheses explain the decline of fish populations. Hypothesis 1 attributes it to overfishing. Hypothesis 2 suggests pollution is the main cause. Data shows higher fish populations in areas with less fishing activity. Which hypothesis is best supported by the data?
29. A study examines the impact of sunlight on plant growth. Model 1 suggests plants grow faster with more sunlight due to increased photosynthesis. Model 2 suggests growth is limited by nutrient availability, not sunlight. Data shows plants exposed to more sunlight grew faster. Which model is best supported by the data?
30. Two scientists propose different mechanisms for the sudden extinction of dinosaurs. Scientist A suggests a massive asteroid impact, while Scientist B points to gradual volcanic activity. Fossil records show a sudden extinction event. Which hypothesis is more consistent with the fossil evidence?
31. Two models explain the migration patterns of birds. Model 1 suggests changes in daylight trigger migration. Model 2 proposes temperature changes as the main factor. Observations show migration coincides with daylight changes. Which model is best supported by the observations?
32. Two scientists propose explanations for the rapid melting of polar ice. Scientist A suggests global warming is the primary factor, while Scientist B claims ocean currents are more influential. Temperature data correlates with ice melt rates. Which explanation most logically accounts for the results?
33. Scientists propose two mechanisms for the development of hurricanes. Mechanism 1 suggests warm ocean waters are key. Mechanism 2 claims atmospheric conditions are more important. Data shows hurricanes forming over warm waters. Which mechanism is better supported by the data?
34. Two models predict the behavior of gases under pressure. Model 1 states that pressure increases proportionally with temperature. Model 2 claims that pressure is constant regardless of temperature. Experimental data shows pressure increasing with temperature. Which model is supported by the data?
35. Two models predict the effects of deforestation. Model 1 suggests increased carbon emissions. Model 2 claims it leads to biodiversity loss. Data shows higher carbon emissions following deforestation. Which model is best supported by the data?
36. Researchers present two models for the cause of increased forest fires. Model 1 suggests climate change increases fire frequency. Model 2 attributes it to human activity. Data shows more fires in regions with higher temperatures. Which model is best supported by the data?
37. A critique of Scientist 3's hypothesis is that it requires changing a fundamental law of physics. Scientist 3 would most likely respond by pointing out that:
38. Which of the following statements best explains why there were no white-eyed males in Study 1?
39. A student hypothesized that the gene for eye color is located on an autosome (a non-sex chromosome). Do the results of Study 1 and Study 2 support this hypothesis?
40. A student hypothesized that doubling the length of the pendulum would double the period. Do the results in Figure 1 support this hypothesis?
41. The uncut plasmid in Lane 1 is exactly 5,000 bp long. When treated with E1 alone (Lane 2), the result is still a single 5,000 bp band. Which of the following best explains this result?
42. In aerodynamics, the power generated by a wind turbine is directly proportional to the cube of the wind speed (P ∝ v³). Which of the following observations from Study 1 best supports this mathematical relationship?
43. Scientist 3 uses the absence of respiratory turbinates in dinosaur skulls to argue that:
44. A student wants to launch the ball a horizontal distance of exactly 17.3 meters. Based on the data in both studies, which of the following combinations of launch angle (θ) and spring compression distance (x) will achieve this?
45. Which of the following discoveries would provide the strongest support for Scientist 1's hypothesis over Scientist 2's hypothesis?
46. The primary difference between the hypotheses of Scientist 1 and Scientist 2 is the:
47. Suppose the students tested a Frog (an ectotherm) in Study 1. Based on the definition of ectotherms in the Introduction, the curve for the Frog in Figure 1 would most likely resemble:
48. According to Figure 1, S-waves stop traveling at a depth of 2,900 km. This suggests that the material in the Outer Core is:
49. A genetic mutation occurs in a plant species, causing it to completely lose the ability to produce Carotenoids and Chlorophyll b. If an action spectrum were generated for this mutant plant, what would the curve most likely look like?
50. Based on the passage and Figure 1, why do the leaves of this plant appear green to the human eye?
51. Based on Figure 1, if a new layer were discovered at a depth of 1,000 km where the material was liquid magma, the S-wave velocity curve at that depth would likely:
52. Two theories explain the formation of the Moon. Theory 1 states it formed from debris after a collision with Earth. Theory 2 claims it formed independently and was captured by Earth's gravity. Evidence shows similar isotopic compositions between Earth and the Moon. Which theory is best supported?
53. Two hypotheses are proposed to explain the increase in atmospheric CO2. Hypothesis 1 states that fossil fuel combustion is the main cause. Hypothesis 2 suggests that deforestation is the primary factor. Data shows a strong link between fossil fuel use and CO2 levels. Which hypothesis is better supported?
54. A city measures why ground-level ozone (O$\_3$) peaks on some summer days. Two scientists propose different explanations.
Scientist A (Sunlight-Driven Formation): Ozone forms faster when sunlight is stronger. Prediction: For similar traffic emissions, O$\_3$ should rise with increasing solar radiation.
Scientist B (Stagnation/Accumulation): Ozone peaks mainly when winds are weak, allowing pollutants to accumulate. Prediction: For similar sunlight, O$\_3$ should be higher on low-wind days.
Measurements were taken on four days with similar traffic counts. Figure 1 shows O$\_3$ concentration at 4 PM versus wind speed, with points labeled by solar radiation category (Low vs High).
Which explanation most logically accounts for the results in Figure 1?
55. Two scientists propose different explanations for a decrease in bee populations. Scientist A claims pesticides are the main cause, while Scientist B argues habitat loss is more significant. A study finds higher bee populations in areas with less habitat loss. On which claim would the scientists most likely disagree?
56. Two hypotheses predict different outcomes for coral bleaching. Hypothesis 1 attributes it to ocean warming, while Hypothesis 2 suggests pollution. Data indicates higher bleaching rates in warmer waters. Which hypothesis is better supported?
57. Based on Figure 1, if a new layer were discovered at a depth of 1,000 km where the material was liquid magma, the S-wave velocity curve at that depth would likely:
58. Suppose the students tested a Frog (an ectotherm) in Study 1. Based on the definition of ectotherms in the Introduction, the curve for the Frog in Figure 1 would most likely resemble: