1. Based on Table 2, what is the observed i value for a 0.6 mol/kg H2O solution of (NH4)2SO4?
2. According to Table 2, which compounds have observed i values less than 2.50 at all the concentrations listed?
3. According to Table 2, at which of the following concentrations is the observed i value for KCl the lowest?
4. Based on Tables 1 and 2, which ionic compound has the largest deviation from its theoretical i value at a concentration of 2.0 mol/kg H2O?
5. Consider the following substances: sodium chloride, potassium chloride, magnesium chloride, ammonium sulfate, and water. Which of these substances would be classified as a solvent in the solutions represented in Table 2?
6. Sucrose (C12H22O11) is a molecular compound and remains intact when it dissolves in water. Based on this information and the passage, would the theoretical i value for C12H22O11 more likely be less than that of KCl or greater than that of KCl?
7. Based on Table 1, as streptomycin concentration increased, the relative fitness of Strain Y:
8. Based on Table 1, if Strain X had been exposed for 24hr to a streptomycin concentration of 3 μg/mL, its relative fitness would most likely have been:
9. According to Table 2, which of the following statements best describes the effect of the mutation in Strain X cells? Compared to nonmutated E. coli cells, Strain X cells move streptomycin:
10. Suppose an equal number of Strain W cells and Strain X cells were exposed for 24hr to a streptomycin concentration of 2 μg/mL. Based on Table 1, which of Strain W or Strain X would more likely have the greater number of cells survive and reproduce?
11. Consider the mutated strain with an increased rate of cell division. According to Table1, what was the relative fitness of this strain when it was exposed for 24 hr to a streptomycin concentration of 4 μg/mL?
12. In the study, the relative fitness of a nonmutated strain that was grown for 24hr in the absence of an antibiotic was set to 1.0. Was this strain more likely Strain U or Strain Z, and was this strain grown for 24hr at a streptomycin concentration of 0 μg/mL or at a streptomycin concentration of 8 μg/mL?
13. How many times in Experiment 2 was a bottle placed into the box when the box was maintained at 10°C?
14. Suppose that in Experiment 2 the bottle containing water stored at 50°C had been reused 35 times. At that reuse number, the approximate concentration of Sb3+ in the water would have been:
15. Assume that the maximum acceptable concentration of Sb3+ in drinking water is 6,000 ng/L. This concentration of Sb3+ is how many times as great as the concentration of Sb3+ in water stored at 50°C in a bottle that was reused 21 times in Experiment 2?
16. Which set of experimental conditions resulted in an Sb3+ concentration of 140 ng/L in water stored in a bottle that had been reused 14 times?
17. The substance composing the bottles tested in the experiments is best classified as which of the following?
18. Suppose that in Experiment 1 a temperature of 20°C had been tested. At a reuse number of 21, the Sb3+ concentration would most likely have been between:
19. A supporter of Hypothesis 1 and a supporter of Hypothesis 2 would be likely to agree that, during the early Earth period, magma from beneath Earth’s crust contained:
20. Suppose the current atmospheric CO2 concentration on Earth is approximately 395 parts per million (ppm). Based on Hypothesis 2, the atmospheric CO2 concentration on early Earth was most likely closest to which of the following values?
21. Which of the hypotheses, if either, indicated that additional gases were necessary for CO2, NH3, and CH4 to absorb enough heat for liquid water to exist on early Earth’s surface?
22. In regard to the source of CH4 in early Earth’s atmosphere, which of the following statements describes a difference between Hypothesis 1 and Hypothesis 2?
23. The metabolism of the microbes referred to in Hypothesis 1 is most likely represented by which of the following balanced chemical equations?
24. Hypothesis 1 would be best supported by which of the following findings involving CO2 or CH4?
25. Suppose that if Earth’s atmospheric N concentration were increased from its present value, the atmosphere would scatter a higher percentage of incoming sunlight, resulting in cooler surface temperatures. This information would weaken which of the hypotheses, if either?
26. Suppose that a sixth trial had been performed in Study 1 for which the fluid’s flow rate had equaled 920 mL/sec. In that trial, the viscosity of the fluid would most likely have been:
27. In Study 2, which variables were held constant?
28. Based on the information given, if the pressure at Gauge G was 105 kPa, what was the pressure at Gauge H?
29. Based on the information given, in what direction was the fluid flowing?
30. The viscosity of each fluid investigated in the studies resulted from which of the following types of interaction between parts of the fluid?
31. In Study 3, when D was equal to 2.50 m, approximately what volume of fluid flowed past either gauge in 1 minute?
32. The pressure gradient between any 2 points lying on a horizontal line inside a tube equaled the absolute value of the difference in pressure between the 2 points divided by the distance between the 2 points. What was the pressure gradient between Gauges G and H during Study 1?
33. According to the results of Study 1, from 3 days after treatment through 9 days after treatment, the average number of seeds that had germinated per pot for Group 4:
34. Based on the results of Study 2, how many of the groups had an average plant height greater than 1 meter?
35. The presence of more than 1 plant in a pot can negatively affect the growth of all the plants in the pot, due to competition among the plants. What action was taken in Study 2 to prevent competition among the plants?
36. Consider the claim “The average height of the plants in a group was affected by the number of days that the pots in that group were irrigated.” Can this claim be evaluated on the basis of the results of Study 2?
37. Consider the statement “Treatment with Species R was more effective at promoting seed germination in soil with a higher-than-normal NaCl concentration than treatment with PMA.” Are the results of Study 1 consistent with this statement?
38. Let x represent the number of days after treatment until germination was first observed among the Group 2 pots in Study 1. Based on the results of Study 1, x is given by which of the following expressions?
39. Consider the statement “On average, plant height was greater for the plants treated with H2O containing PMA and NaCl than it was for the plants treated with either H2O containing NaCl only or H2O containing Species R and NaCl.” Do the results of Study 2 support this statement?