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OFFICIAL ACT Form G01 · September 2023

Science

27 questions ~9 min recommended
⏱ 00:00
Score
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=== Mass Extinctions and the Oort Cloud ===
Mass extinctions on Earth may be caused by bombardments of Earth by comets from the Oort cloud, a spherical swarm of comets occupying the outer part of our solar system. Three scientists share their viewpoints about possible causes of the bombardments.

=== Sand Properties Study ===
A study was conducted to identify the properties of a type of sand being mined at a given site.

=== Seed Germination in Violet Seeds ===
A researcher performed 2 experiments to investigate seed germination in violet seeds.

=== Properties of Inductors and Capacitors ===
In the following experiments, a student studied some properties of inductors and capacitors, devices used to store electrical energy.

=== Electrical Circuits ===
a switch, a 10 ohm resistor, a 50 H (henry, a unit of inductance) inductor, and an ammeter (a device used to measure the amount and direction [+or −] of an electrical current). She closed the switch at time = 0.0 sec and recorded the current in the circuit over time. The results are shown in Table 1.

=== Gas Behavior ===
Several trials were performed with helium gas in a cylinder. The cylinder was fitted with a piston that could be locked in place or allowed to freely move up and down. For each trial, the volume (V), temperature (T), pressure (P in atmospheres, atm), and amount (number of atoms) of the gas in the cylinder were known or measured.

=== Parcel Lapse Rate ===
Parcel lapse rate is the measured air temperature change per unit distance for a parcel of rising air. If the atmosphere around a parcel decreases in temperature with altitude at a rate greater than that of the parcel itself, the parcel may continue to rise from that altitude, increasing the probability of strong storms.

1. Based on Scientist 3’s viewpoint, which of the following quantities is approximately equal for the stars in an open cluster?

2. Based on Scientist 3’s viewpoint, high-velocity stars pass through or near our solar system:

3. Suppose that the last mass extinction occurred 13 million years ago. Based on Scientist 1’s viewpoint, the next mass extinction would most likely occur how many million years from now?

4. Scientist 1 implies that the unseen object might be observable from Earth if the object:

5. The viewpoints of Scientists 1 and 2 are inconsistent with that of Scientist 3 regarding which of the following factors?

6. Proving that the Sun is a member of an open cluster would directly contradict a statement made by:

7. How did the average particle diameter of river sand compare to those of the other sands in Study 2?

8. If a minimum of 10% of the particles in a sand are amber-colored, the entire sand will appear reddish-brown. Which sand from the studies would NOT appear reddish-brown?

9. Which of the following statements best explains why the sum of the particle composition percents for any of the sands did not equal 100%?

10. Based on the results of Studies 1 and 2, sand is most likely brought to the mining site from the:

11. If sand is being supplied to the mining site from the inland dunes, one or both of which 2 erosion processes are most likely capable of moving the sand directly from the inland dunes to the mining site?

12. In which of the following ways did the experimental procedures used in Experiments 1 and 2 differ?

13. In Experiment 2, as pH increased from 2 to 12, percent germination:

14. Based on the results of Experiments 1 and 2, violet seeds exposed to which of the following sets of conditions would most likely have the highest percent germination after 8 days of exposure?

15. If the seeds that were maintained at 18°C in Experiment 1 had been examined on Day 10, the percent germination would most likely have been closest to which of the following?

16. The pH of the aqueous solution used in Experiment 1 was equal to the pH of 1 of the 6 aqueous solutions used in Experiment 2. Based on this information and the results of Experiments 1 and 2, what was the pH of the aqueous solution used in Experiment 1?

17. The student charged a capacitor using the circuit shown in Figure 2.

18. The results of Experiment 2 are best represented by which of the following graphs?

19. Which of the following objects acted as the main voltage source in a circuit during at least 1 of the 4 experiments?

20. Based on the results of Experiment 4, the capacitance of the capacitor used in Experiment 3 was most likely which of the following?

21. Based on Experiment 3, what is the period of this circuit?

22. Do the data in Table 2 support the claim that for a given amount of gas at a constant temperature, decreasing the volume of the gas would increase the rate of collisions?

23. According to Table 1, as the number of atoms of the gas increased, the pressure of the gas:

24. As shown in Figure 1, the dry air parcel at an altitude of 3 km was approximately how many degrees colder than the moist air parcel at that same altitude?

25. Is the hypothesis that the moist air parcel lapse rate is constant as altitude increases from 0km to 5km supported by Figure 1?

26. Immediately after the parcels left Earth’s surface, the temperature of which parcel decreased the most per unit distance?

27. Based on Figure 1, the relative humidity of a moist air parcel is closest to which of the following?

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