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Science · Drill 39

Science practice 39

9 questions ~9 min recommended
⏱ 00:00
Score
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I notice that the PASSAGE section you provided does not contain any underlined portions marked by standalone digits. The passage text is complete and coherent without interruptions. However, the QUESTIONS section (Q1–Q9) appears to be multiple-choice questions that likely refer to content or scenarios not included in the passage text you've provided. These questions reference specific experimental scenarios (lightbulbs and cards, laser reflections, slits, pennies, candles, filters, etc.) that are not present in the passage excerpt. To properly format this as HTML with underlined portions and subscript question numbers, I would need: 1. **The complete PASSAGE** with OCR'd text showing where the standalone digit markers appear (indicating which phrases are underlined and which questions they correspond to), OR 2. **Clarification** about which specific parts of the provided passage text should be underlined for each question. Could you please provide the passage in its original OCR'd format, with the standalone digits intact showing where each question's underlined phrase ends?

In the late 1600s, scientists developed theories about the nature of light. Sir Isaac Newton theorized that light consisted of tiny particles. Christiaan Huygens, on the other hand, believed that light consisted of waves. What do we know about particles? Particles are small, localized objects that typically have certain physical properties like mass, color, or volume. They move in straight lines unless some outside force is acting on them.

Waves, on the other hand, consist of energy that moves through a medium (material). When waves hit a boundary from one material into another, some of that energy bounces back into the original material (reflection); some of the energy moves into the new material (refraction or transmission); and some of the energy transfers to thermal energy through heating (absorption). When waves encounter one another, they will increase in size and strength if similar parts of them overlap (constructive interference) and will decrease in size and strength if opposite parts of them overlap (destructive interference); after the interference, the waves continue moving in their original direction. Waves also spread out (diffract) when they hit a sharp edge or a tiny opening.

1. The front view in Figure 11.2 shows the image projected on a screen by the light from a tiny lightbulb placed in front of a square card. What can you conclude about the nature of light from the image shown?


Figure 11.2

2. Which of the following does NOT support Huygens's wave theory of light?

3. In the 1600s, it was believed that waves required a medium to travel. Which of the following observations did Huygens have difficulty explaining with his wave theory?

4. In the early 1800s, Thomas Young shone light through two tiny slits and observed an image on the screen that consisted of many regions of alternating bright and dark patterns. This provided evidence that light is:

5. When a laser beam of light strikes a penny, one might expect a sharp shadow to form. Instead, a circular, fuzzy-edged shadow forms with a bright spot in the middle. Which of the following best explains this phenomenon?

6. Figure 11.3 was most likely created by Huygens because:


Figure 11.3

Source: Christiaan Huygens, Treatise on Light. Translated by Silvanus P. Thompson. The Project Gutenberg eBook, http://www.gutenberg.org/files/14725/14725-h/14725-h.htm#Page_4.

7. Is the following more likely to be attributed to Newton or Huygens and why?

If you consider the extreme speed with which light spreads on every side, as well as the fact that when it comes from different regions-even those directly opposite-the rays traverse one another without being hindered, you may well understand that when a person sees a luminous object, it cannot be by any transport of matter coming to that person from the object, in the same way that a shot or an arrow flies through the air. Therefore, light must spread in some other way, and that which can lead us to comprehend it is the knowledge we have of the spreading of sound in the air.

8. In the 1900s, Albert Einstein and others determined that the basic unit of light consists of a photon. Among other properties, this unit has a fixed amount of energy, depending on its location on the visible color spectrum. The fact that light can be broken down to fixed units is most consistent with:

9. A beam of direct sunlight moves along an axis through the middle of two polarizing filters, where the axis remains perpendicular to the filters. When the light passes through the first polarizing filter, its brightness reduces to 50%, regardless of its orientation. The light will remain at the same brightness after the second polarizing filter if that filter is aligned the same way as the first. If the second filter twists, however, the light passing through it will gradually be eliminated. Which of the following statements CANNOT be supported by this information?

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