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Science · Drill 71

Science practice 71

13 questions ~9 min recommended
⏱ 00:00
Score
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Average global temperature is influenced by multiple different factors and has gone through significant changes throughout the history of the earth.

Global temperature affects Earth's oceans. In general, as the average global temperature increases, glacial and continental ice coverage decreases from melting. This combined with the thermal expansion of the oceans results in rising sea levels. The sea level present at any given time over the past 150,000 years can be estimated from sedimentary rock layer analysis. Figure 1 shows for the years listed the difference in average global sea level compared to what has been the average temperature value from 1961 through 1990.


Figure 2

Figure 1 adapted from "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fourth Assessment Report 2007."

Figure 2 shows the change in both the average global temperature and average global sea level from the present. The change in average global sea level is determined by:


Figure 2

Figure 2 adapted from Petit et al. "Climate and atmospheric history of the past 420,000 years from the Vostok ice core," Antarctica. Nature 399: 429–436.

Two scientists discuss why the average global sea level has risen over the past 100 years.

Scientist 1

Rising sea levels are a direct result of widespread industrial burning of fossil fuels that started in the mid-19th century. This activity caused the release of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, which raised the average global temperature. This increase in temperature led to depleted ice coverage and rapid thermal expansion of oceans. Figure 1 shows that global sea level was essentially constant until approximately 1900 and has since risen to a level higher than at any time in the past 150,000 years. Between 1950 and 2000, global average sea level rose by 0.1 m as global temperature rose approximately 0.5°C. Since 2000 the change in global average sea level has increased at a rate of 2% per year.

Scientist 2

Rises and falls in the global average sea level occurred many times in the past 150,000 years and well before the industrial revolution of the mid-1800s. In general, global average sea level rises and falls with global average temperature, as shown in Figure 2. Industrial activity did not begin until the 1800s and could not have been responsible for the changes in average global temperature and sea level before that time. The recent rise in sea level in response to global temperature is not significantly different from those before 1800, so human activity does not by itself have a measurable effect on average global sea level.

1. According to Figure 2, over which of the following time intervals did the average global sea level increase more than 100 times as much as Scientist 1 claims it did between 1950 and 2000 ?

2. Which of the following statements about average global temperature would most likely be supported by Scientist 2 ?

3. According to Scientist 1, the change in average global sea level has been increasing at a constant rate since 2000. Given the change in sea level given in Figure 1 for the year 2000, Scientist 1 would most likely conclude that the average global sea level change for the year 2003 was closest to which of the following?

4. Scientist 1 states that average global sea level is currently higher than at any point in the past 150,000 years. Does Figure 1 provide sufficient basis for this statement?

5. Assume that the current average sea level at a particular location is measured at 90 m above a fixed geographic landmark. Given Figure 2, the two scientists would most likely claim that 100,000 years ago, the average sea level above the same mark at that location was closest to which of the following?

6. Suppose Scientist 2 stated that there have been times over the past 150,000 years when average global sea level has been the same as what it is today. To support this claim, Scientist 2 would most likely cite the sea level data in Figure 2 for which of the following times?

7. Given Figure 1, Scientist 1 would most likely claim that from 1500 to 1800, average global temperature:

The force per unit area resulting from the separation of solutions of different concentrations by a selectively permeable membrane is called osmotic pressure. Molecules, including water, have a tendency to move from regions of high concentration to regions of low concentration. Selectively permeable membranes act as filters, only allowing molecules below a certain threshold size to pass through. Osmotic pressure is the pressure required to stop water from moving across such a membrane from a region of high to low water concentration.

Cupric ions (Cu2+) and glucose were dissolved separately in equal volumes of water to make two solutions. The glucose solution was more dilute, meaning that it had a higher percentage of water molecules than the cupric ion solution. Of the three molecules used for the solutions, water is the smallest and glucose is the largest. Water and glucose solutions are colorless while cupric ion solutions are blue. However, mixing glucose and cupric ions results in a red solution.

Experiment 1

A U-shaped tube contains a selectively permeable membrane, dividing it into equal halves. Glucose solution is poured in the left and an equal volume of cupric ion solution is poured in the right. Over 2 hours, the water level fell on the left and rose on the right. At this time, the left-sided solution was red and the right-sided was blue.

Experiment 2

Cupric ion solution is poured in the left and an equal volume of pure water is poured in the right. Over 2 hours, the water level fell on the right and rose on the left. At this time, both sides of the tube contained blue-colored solutions.

Experiment 3

Glucose solution is poured in the left and an equal volume of pure water is poured in the right. Over 2 hours, the water level fell on the right and rose on the left. At this time, both sides of the tube contained colorless solutions.

8. Albumin molecules do not pass through the selectively permeable membrane used in Experiments 1–3 and form clear solutions in water. If Experiment 2 were repeated, but the left side was filled with an albumin solution, the solution levels would:

9. In Experiments 1 and 2, cupric ion particles were able to move:

10. In Experiments 2 and 3, what did the left side of the U-tube contain at the start of the experiment?

Experiment 2 Experiment 3

11. In Experiment 1, if the selectively permeable membrane allowed cupric ions, glucose, and water molecules all to pass, how would the results have differed, if at all?

12. After watching Experiment 1 only, an observer asserted that since the left-sided solution ended up red, cupric ions must be bigger than water molecules. Is this a valid assertion?

13. In Experiment 1, before the molecules began to move relative to the semi-permeable membrane, the appearance of the right-sided solution in the U-tube was:

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